Every ingredient, and what the research shows
One page per active in Moat, Keel and Spark. The form, the dose the studies actually used, what they found including when they found nothing, and who should be careful. No page here is a copy of another with the name swapped.
Vitamin C
Ascorbic acid at 180 mg a day. Regular supplementation does not stop you catching a cold; it modestly shortens the one you caught.
Read itVitamin D3
Cholecalciferol, the strongest evidence in the bottle. Daily or weekly dosing lowers respiratory infection risk, most in people who start out low.
Read itVitamin B6
Pyridoxal 5′-phosphate, the active form. Keel carries a high 26 mg because it sits inside a blend designed for people eating far less.
Read itZinc
Zinc citrate in Moat at the everyday nutritional amount, zinc bisglycinate in Keel. The famous cold trials used lozenges at 80 to 207 mg, which is a different thing entirely.
Read itElderberry Extract
Standardised Sambucus nigra fruit extract at 500 mg. The air-travel trial found no difference in who caught a cold, and a shorter, milder one in those who did.
Read itVitamin B12
Methylcobalamin at 525 mcg. Both forms raise B12; neither has been shown clearly better for topping up a dietary gap in a healthy adult.
Read itFolate
L-5-MTHF-Ca at 400 mcg DFE, the active form. High folate can mask a B12 shortfall on a blood count, which is why the two travel together.
Read itIron
Ferrous bisglycinate at 18 mg, a chelated form that is usually kinder to the stomach than oxide or sulfate at the same elemental amount.
Read itMagnesium
200 mg as oxide plus citrate. Magnesium draws water into the bowel, which is why the oxide form is the one that helps constipation.
Read itBioPerine®
Black pepper fruit extract at 5 mg. It raises the bioavailability of co-taken compounds, including curcumin and iron, and 5 mg is the studied amount.
Read itLactoSpore®
Bacillus coagulans at 166 mg, a spore-forming probiotic that survives stomach acid and reaches the gut alive.
Read itβ-Nicotinamide Mononucleotide
500 mg at 99.9% purity. Blood NAD rises in human trials, and the dose-finding trial put 600 mg at the sweet spot.
Read itHow we source all of this.
Every claim on this site cites the study it rests on, at the point the claim is made.
FDA-registered facilityGMP certifiedEvery dose printedNine good thingsThird-party tested